A Combined Dual Leader and Relay Node Selection for Markov Cluster Based WSN Routing Protocol
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The major challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is to increase the node’s lifespan and decrease energy utilization. To avoid this issue, many Clustering Routing Protocols (CRPs) have been developed, where Cluster Head (CH) in each cluster accumulates the data from each other node and transfers it to the sink through Relay Nodes (RNs). But both CHs and RNs dissipate more energy to aggregate and transfer data. As a result, it is vital to choose the appropriate CHs and RNs concurrently to reduce energy utilization. Hence, this article proposes a Weighted Markov Clustering with Dual Leader and Relay node Selection based CRP (WMCL-DLRS-CRP) in WSNs. This protocol aims to lessen energy dissipation during inter- and intra-cluster communication. Initially, a Markov Clustering (MCL) algorithm is applied by the sink to create nodes into clusters based on a threshold distance. Then, a dual leader selection scheme is proposed to elect dual CHs in each cluster according to the node weighting factor that considers the node’s remaining energy, the distance between CHs and sink, the distance among all nodes, and abundance. Also, an RN selection scheme is proposed to choose the appropriate RNs based on a new Predicted Transmission Rate (PTR) factor. Moreover, the elected RNs transfer the data from the CHs to the sink, resulting in a tradeoff between the node’s energy utilization and lifetime. At last, extensive simulations illustrate that the WMCL-DLRS-CRP achieves better network performance compared to the existing protocols.
Article Details
References
S. R. Jondhale, R. Maheswar, J. Lloret, S. R. Jondhale, R. Maheswar, and J. Lloret, “Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks,” Received Signal Strength Based Target Localization and Tracking Using Wireless Sensor Networks, pp. 1-19, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74061-0_1.
M. S. BenSaleh, R. Saida, Y. H. Kacem and M. Abid, “Wireless sensor network design methodologies: a survey,” Journal of Sensors, 1-13, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9592836.
D. Kandris, C. Nakas, D. Vomvas and G. Koulouras, “Applications of wireless sensor networks: an up-to-date survey,” Applied System Innovation, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/asi3010014.
K. Gulati, R. S. K. Boddu, D. Kapila, S. L. Bangare, N. Chandnani and G. Saravanan, “A review paper on wireless sensor network techniques in Internet of Things (IoT),” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 51, pp. 161-165, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.067.
D. Suhag, S. S. Gaur and A. K. Mohapatra, “A proposed scheme to achieve node authentication in military applications of wireless sensor network,” Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 347-362, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2019.1580909.
S. Singh, A. Malik and P. K. Singh, “A threshold-based energy efficient military surveillance system using heterogeneous wireless sensor networks,” Soft Computing, vol. 27, pp. 1163-1176, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-06033-4.
T. M. Behera, S. K. Mohapatra, U. C. Samal, M. S. Khan, M. Daneshmand and A. H. Gandomi, “I-SEP: An improved routing protocol for heterogeneous WSN for IoT-based environmental monitoring” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 710-717, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2019.2940988.
S. L. Ullo and G. R. Sinha, “Advances in smart environment monitoring systems using IoT and sensors,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1-18, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113113.
Mujawar, S. S. ., & Bhaladhare, P. R. . (2023). An Aspect based Multi?label Sentiment Analysis using Improved BERT System . International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 11(1s), 228–235. Retrieved from https://ijisae.org/index.php/IJISAE/article/view/2497
V. M. Mishra and A. Kumar, “FPGA integrated IEEE 802.15. 4 ZigBee wireless sensor nodes performance for industrial plant monitoring and automation,” Nuclear Engineering and Technology, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 2444-2452, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2022.01.011.
M. Majid, S. Habib, A. R. Javed, M. Rizwan, G. Srivastava, T. R. Gadekallu and J. C. W. Lin, “Applications of wireless sensor networks and internet of things frameworks in the industry revolution 4.0: A systematic literature review,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1-36, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062087.
J. Yu, M. T. Hassan, Y. Bai, N. An and V. W. Tam, “A pilot study monitoring the thermal comfort of the elderly living in nursing homes in Hefei, China, using wireless sensor networks, site measurements and a survey,” Indoor and Built Environment, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 449-464, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X19891225.
S. W. Nourildean, Y. A. Mohammed and M. T. Abdulhadi, “Investigating the impact of network topologies on the IoT-based WSN in smart home monitoring system,” Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 6-14, 2022, doi.10.15587/1729-4061.2022.266990.
Kwame Boateng, Machine Learning-based Object Detection and Recognition in Autonomous Systems , Machine Learning Applications Conference Proceedings, Vol 3 2023.
J. Amutha, S. Sharma and J. Nagar, “WSN strategies based on sensors, deployment, sensing models, coverage and energy efficiency: review, approaches and open issues,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 111, pp. 1089-1115, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06903-z.
F. Fanian and M. K. Rafsanjani, “Cluster-based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks: a survey based on methodology,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 142, pp. 111-142, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.04.021.
I. Daanoune, B. Abdennaceur and A. Ballouk, “A comprehensive survey on LEACH-based clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 114, pp. 1-21, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102409.
L. Chan, K. Gomez Chavez, H. Rudolph and A. Hourani, “Hierarchical routing protocols for wireless sensor network: a compressive survey,” Wireless Networks, vol. 26, pp. 3291-3314, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02260-z.
T. M. Behera, U. C. Samal, S. K. Mohapatra, M. S. Khan, B. Appasani, N. Bizon and P. Thounthong, “Energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: architectures, strategies, and performance,” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 15, pp. 1-26, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152282.
Sivakumar, D. S. (2021). Clustering and Optimization Based on Hybrid Artificial Bee Colony and Differential Evolution Algorithm in Big Data. Research Journal of Computer Systems and Engineering, 2(1), 23:27. Retrieved from https://technicaljournals.org/RJCSE/index.php/journal/article/view/15
R. K. Yadav and R. Mishra, “Cluster-based classical routing protocols and authentication algorithms in WSN: a survey based on procedures and methods,” Wireless Personal Communications, pp. 1-57, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-09265-7.
M. F. Alomari, M. A. Mahmoud and R. Ramli, “A Systematic Review on the Energy Efficiency of Dynamic Clustering in a Heterogeneous Environment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs),” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 18, pp. 1-20, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11182837.
G. K. Nigam, “A comprehensive review on successors of LEACH protocols in wireless sensor networks,” International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 463-477, 2022, https://doi.org/10.2174/2210327912666220615115331.
A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal, “TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks,” In Proceedings of 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, vol. 1, pp. 1-7, 2001.
A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal, “APTEEN: A hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks,” In Proceedings of 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, pp. 1-8, 2002.
S. Lindsey and C. S. Raghavendra, “PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems,” In Proceedings, IEEE Aerospace Conference, 3, pp. 1125-1130, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2002.1035242.
O. Younis and S. Fahmy, “HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 366-379, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2004.41.
Ana Oliveira, Yosef Ben-David, Susan Smit, Elena Popova , Milica Mili?. Enhancing Data-driven Decision Making with Machine Learning in Decision Science. Kuwait Journal of Machine Learning, 2(3). Retrieved from http://kuwaitjournals.com/index.php/kjml/article/view/200
M. T. Brahim, H. Abbad and S. Boukil-Hacene, “A low energy mcl-based clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 70-95, 2021, DOI: 10.4018/IJWNBT.2021010105.
L. Abbad, A. Nacer, H. Abbad, M. T. Brahim and N. Zioui, “A weighted Markov-clustering routing protocol for optimizing energy use in wireless sensor networks,” Egyptian Informatics Journal, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 483-497, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2022.05.001.
L. Tang, Z. Lu and B. Fan, “Energy efficient and reliable routing algorithm for wireless sensors networks,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1-16, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051885.
A. Panchal and R. K. Singh, “Eadcr: energy aware distance based cluster head selection and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, vol. 30, no. 04, pp. 1-21, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218126621500638.
S. S. Saleh, T. F. Mabrouk and R. A. Tarabishi, “An improved energy-efficient head election protocol for clustering techniques of wireless sensor network,” Egyptian Informatics Journal, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 439-445, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2021.01.003.
H. R. Farahzadi, M. Langarizadeh, M. Mirhosseini and S. A. Fatemi Aghda, “An improved cluster formation process in wireless sensor network to decrease energy consumption,” Wireless Networks, vol. 27, pp. 1077-1087, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02485-y.
W. Fang, W. Zhang, W. Yang, Z. Li, W. Gao and Y. Yang, “Trust management-based and energy efficient hierarchical routing protocol in wireless sensor networks,” Digital Communications and Networks, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 470-478, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2021.03.005.
K. Guleria, A. K. Verma, N. Goyal, A. K. Sharma, A. Benslimane And A. Singh, “An enhanced energy proficient clustering (EEPC) algorithm for relay selection in heterogeneous WSNs,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 116, pp. 1-14, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2021.102473.
X. Huibin and Z. Mengjia, “An energy-efficient clustering routing for wireless sensor networks based on energy consumption optimization,” International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, pp. 1-11, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5566365.
M. A. Khan and A. A. Awan, “Intelligent on demand clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, pp. 1-10, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7356733.
J. Singh, J. Deepika, J. Sathyendra Bhat, V. Kumararaja, R. Vikram, J. Jegathesh Amalraj and S. Sakthivel, “Energy-efficient clustering and routing algorithm using hybrid fuzzy with grey wolf optimization in wireless sensor networks,” Security and Communication Networks, pp. 1-12, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9846601.
A. Naderloo, S. A. Fatemi Aghda and M. Mirfakhraei, “Fuzzy-based cluster routing in wireless sensor network. Soft Computing, 27, 6151-6158, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-07976-6.